Preprint Open access
Grammar Concept Annotation at Scale: Deployed Fine-Tuned Small Language Models Outperform Prompted Frontier Models
Corrective feedback is among the best-evidenced drivers of second-language acquisition, yet corrections delivered during lessons rarely accumulate into an actionable view of grammar mastery. Prompted frontier models can provide such a view from learner--tutor lesson transcripts, but they are costly at scale. We close t …