Preprint Open access
Universal Byte-Level Encoding: UTF-8/UTF-16 Routing to Reduce Cross-Script Token-Budget Disparities
Byte-level byte-pair encoding (BBPE) tokenizers are attractive for multilingual large language models (LLMs) because they cover all Unicode text. In UTF-8-based BBPE, however, many scripts start from a higher fallback cost than English: when no learned merges can be applied, a multibyte character requires multiple byte …