Preprint Open access
One Attack to Fool Them All: Highly Transferable Black-Box Adversarial Attacks on Frontier MLLMs
Adversarial attacks have long posed a fundamental threat to machine learning systems. As multimodal large language models (MLLMs) rapidly evolve and become widely deployed, assessing their vulnerability to such attacks is essential for their safe use. In this work, we investigate whether a single adversarial image can …