Preprint Open access
Prefill-only decision models inspired by the Jev model score every candidate in a menu during a single forward pass and never decode, which makes one call one to two orders of magnitude cheaper than a same-scale generative language model. We show that this read-out structure comes with a testable property. When an inte …
Preprint Open access
Injecting skills into a frozen language model currently costs a million parameters and a reinforcement-learning pipeline. We introduce DecSteer, a System-1 decision operator trained by behavior cloning that lowers this cost by roughly two orders of magnitude. The default operator uses 330K parameters to match a 1.33M-p …
Preprint Open access
When a large language model (LLM) agent executes the same task, token consumption can vary by over an order of magnitude across runs. The agent chooses its next steps based on tool feedback and intermediate results, while the growing context steadily inflates the input size of every subsequent call. The total consumpti …