Abstract
Assembly documentation is a downstream manufacturing artifact that is still usually authored by interpreting CAD models by hand. Structured product data and large language models are both available, yet studies of CAD interpretation, assembly sequence planning, instruction writing, and human oversight have largely proceeded separately. This paper formulates CAD-grounded assembly instruction generation: the production of natural-language assembly procedures constrained by structured engineering information extracted from CAD models. The proposed framework maps a STEP assembly to a typed ProductGraph intermediate representation, derives a precedence order by deterministic topological sorting, realizes each step as language conditioned only on selected graph context, attaches per-step visual documentation, and applies rule-based and model-assisted checks. PDF export remains disabled until a human reviewer resolves every quality flag. The case study establishes endto-end feasibility on a built-in six-part reference assembly: the pipeline preserves a reported assembly order and carries quantity, material, and torque into an exported manual page. Generalization and geometric validation remain open empirical questions. The contribution is an architecture that separates engineering state, deterministic reasoning, grounded language realization, verification, and human release.
Keywords
Publication details
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- Open access
- Green open access
Cite this article
APA 7
Dsouza, A., Khan, M. A., Mishra, A., Khan, A., Nair, N. K., & Behera, A. K. (2026). Automated Assembly Instruction Generation from CAD Models Using Grounded Large Language Models: A Human-in-the-Loop Framework. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/automated-assembly-instruction-generation-from-cad-models-using-grounded-large-language-models-a-human-in-the-loop-framework
MLA 9
Dsouza, Aaron, et al. "Automated Assembly Instruction Generation from CAD Models Using Grounded Large Language Models: A Human-in-the-Loop Framework." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/automated-assembly-instruction-generation-from-cad-models-using-grounded-large-language-models-a-human-in-the-loop-framework.
Chicago (author–date)
Dsouza, Aaron, Mohammed Azeez Khan, Ashutosh Mishra, Arshaan Khan, Neha K. Nair, and Amar Kumar Behera. 2026. "Automated Assembly Instruction Generation from CAD Models Using Grounded Large Language Models: A Human-in-the-Loop Framework." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/automated-assembly-instruction-generation-from-cad-models-using-grounded-large-language-models-a-human-in-the-loop-framework.
Harvard
Dsouza, A., Khan, M. A., Mishra, A., Khan, A., Nair, N. K. and Behera, A. K. (2026) 'Automated Assembly Instruction Generation from CAD Models Using Grounded Large Language Models: A Human-in-the-Loop Framework', Available at: https://omanscience.com/en/articles/automated-assembly-instruction-generation-from-cad-models-using-grounded-large-language-models-a-human-in-the-loop-framework.
Vancouver
Dsouza A, Khan MA, Mishra A, Khan A, Nair NK, Behera AK. Automated Assembly Instruction Generation from CAD Models Using Grounded Large Language Models: A Human-in-the-Loop Framework. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/automated-assembly-instruction-generation-from-cad-models-using-grounded-large-language-models-a-human-in-the-loop-framework
IEEE
A. Dsouza, M. A. Khan, A. Mishra, A. Khan, N. K. Nair, and A. K. Behera, "Automated Assembly Instruction Generation from CAD Models Using Grounded Large Language Models: A Human-in-the-Loop Framework," https://omanscience.com/en/articles/automated-assembly-instruction-generation-from-cad-models-using-grounded-large-language-models-a-human-in-the-loop-framework.