Simulating microstructure evolution requires quantum-mechanical accuracy and mesoscopic reach in length and time scales, a combination that no current method achieves. Classical phase-field models provide this reach, but their accuracy is limited by phenomenological free energies and mobilities. Here we develop a frame …
We study an unknown-transition finite-horizon Markov decision process (MDP) with a finite collection of known reward functions $\{r^1, r^2, \ldots, r^M\}$. The goal is to output an $ε$-optimal policy for every reward using online episodic interaction only. Performance is measured by the policy error $V_{0}^{*, m} - V_{ …
Semantic caches reduce LLM serving costs by reusing previously generated answers for semantically similar queries. However, retrieval is based solely on embedding similarity between the incoming query and cached queries. This design enables cache poisoning: an attacker can cache a malicious response under a query with …
Autonomous LLM agents turn vulnerability discovery into a repository-scale search: they generate many vulnerability hypotheses but can verify only a subset under a finite budget. We show that autonomous vulnerability discovery exhibits a hypothesis-verification asymmetry, where verifying a candidate hypothesis through …
End-to-end (E2E) driving policies have advanced rapidly on open-loop (OL) benchmarks, yet OL evaluation cannot reveal whether a policy can withstand compounding errors, recover from failures, or interact safely with surrounding actors. We introduce NavSafe-$\infty$, a photorealistic closed-loop (CL) benchmark comprisin …