Abstract
Future 6G networks aim to expose sensing as a native service by reusing communication infrastructure. We study respiration sensing on a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) base station, where a 64-antenna channel must be fused into a breathing waveform. The state-of-the-art hand-crafted fusion is near-optimal in benign conditions. It collapses, however, under strong in-band motion interference, whose frequency falls inside the respiration band. We show that a learned complex-weight beamformer recovers respiration by spatial nulling, and that the remaining gap to a per-recording oracle can be closed at deployment by label-free test-time adaptation. Crucially, we identify which label-free signal makes this work. Frequency- and variance-based criteria cannot separate an in-band interferer from breathing. Our spatial-redundancy test-time adaptation (SR-TTA), which maximizes consistency across random antenna subsets under an out-of-band spectral veto, preserves benign performance in our tests. The respiration-rate error drops from 5.8 to 0.8 breaths per minute (bpm) under simulated in-band interference, and the pipeline maps onto the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture as O-RAN distributed-unit (O-DU) range-gating, an adaptation xApp, and a calibration rApp. On real testbed recordings, a one-time cross-subject calibration plus SR-TTA reduces failures from 47% to 7%, drawing level with the hand-crafted combiner using label-free test-time adaptation.
Keywords
Subject
Publication details
- Journal
- Not available
- Open access
- Green open access
Cite this article
APA 7
Liu, J., Chang, Z., Xiong, H., Cui, Z., & Pollin, S. (2026). SR-TTA: Spatial-Redundancy Test-Time Adaptation for Interference-Robust Respiration Sensing. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/sr-tta-spatial-redundancy-test-time-adaptation-for-interference-robust-respiration-sensing
MLA 9
Liu, Jingyuan, et al. "SR-TTA: Spatial-Redundancy Test-Time Adaptation for Interference-Robust Respiration Sensing." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/sr-tta-spatial-redundancy-test-time-adaptation-for-interference-robust-respiration-sensing.
Chicago (author–date)
Liu, Jingyuan, Zheng Chang, Haoqiu Xiong, Zhuangzhuang Cui, and Sofie Pollin. 2026. "SR-TTA: Spatial-Redundancy Test-Time Adaptation for Interference-Robust Respiration Sensing." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/sr-tta-spatial-redundancy-test-time-adaptation-for-interference-robust-respiration-sensing.
Harvard
Liu, J., Chang, Z., Xiong, H., Cui, Z. and Pollin, S. (2026) 'SR-TTA: Spatial-Redundancy Test-Time Adaptation for Interference-Robust Respiration Sensing', Available at: https://omanscience.com/en/articles/sr-tta-spatial-redundancy-test-time-adaptation-for-interference-robust-respiration-sensing.
Vancouver
Liu J, Chang Z, Xiong H, Cui Z, Pollin S. SR-TTA: Spatial-Redundancy Test-Time Adaptation for Interference-Robust Respiration Sensing. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/sr-tta-spatial-redundancy-test-time-adaptation-for-interference-robust-respiration-sensing
IEEE
J. Liu, Z. Chang, H. Xiong, Z. Cui, and S. Pollin, "SR-TTA: Spatial-Redundancy Test-Time Adaptation for Interference-Robust Respiration Sensing," https://omanscience.com/en/articles/sr-tta-spatial-redundancy-test-time-adaptation-for-interference-robust-respiration-sensing.