Navigating Route Latent Space for Synthesizable Molecular Design

Abstract

Goal-directed molecular design has advanced rapidly, yet a substantial proportion of designed molecules remain difficult to synthesize in practice, limiting their real-world utility. Prior synthesizability-aware methods either project generated molecules back to synthesizable analogs that deviate from the intended target, or optimize directly in discrete synthesis spaces that lack a continuous landscape for efficient search. We argue that this limitation mainly comes from the search space rather than the optimizer. To address this, we propose RouteFlow, a framework that reformulates synthesizable molecular design as a search over a continuous route latent space, where each latent maps back to a complete synthesis route and synthesizability is inherently preserved. To navigate this space, we adopt reward-guided flow matching as an efficient sampler that steers toward high-property regions. Since reward optimization may push latents off the manifold of real synthesis routes, where decoding becomes unreliable, we further introduce a cycle-consistency mechanism to stabilize fine-tuning. Across 16 optimization tasks from Therapeutic Data Commons, RouteFlow achieves the best sample efficiency among synthesizability-aware baselines, with the best synthetic accessibility and the highest retrosynthesis success rate. Our results also confirm that the proposed cycle-consistency reliably keeps optimization on-manifold while improving target properties, supporting effective synthesizable molecular discovery.

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