Abstract
Analog hardware platforms offer the potential to reduce energy consumption over digital architectures, but in order to succeed, large-scale analog systems must also be able to operate with or recover from the variability of their components. Towards this goal, we derive and demonstrate the lock-in equilibrium propagation (LIEP) training method. LIEP provides local gradient information for each component in an oscillatory network without separate forward and backward sweeps, potentially allowing for in-situ learning capabilities on analog oscillatory hardware platforms. We demonstrate that LIEP can be used both for ab-initio training as well as recovering performance when pre-trained parameters are perturbed. We show that LIEP can be formulated as a three-factor update rule, and suggest that although the method is currently only validated on shallow networks, alternate architectures may allow it to extend to deep and large-scale networks addressing complex tasks.
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Publication details
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- Open access
- Green open access
Cite this article
APA 7
Tammali, S., & Olin-Ammentorp, W. (2026). Lock-in EP: An In-Situ Training Algorithm for Oscillatory Hardware. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lock-in-ep-an-in-situ-training-algorithm-for-oscillatory-hardware
MLA 9
Tammali, Sowjanya, and Wilkie Olin-Ammentorp. "Lock-in EP: An In-Situ Training Algorithm for Oscillatory Hardware." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lock-in-ep-an-in-situ-training-algorithm-for-oscillatory-hardware.
Chicago (author–date)
Tammali, Sowjanya, and Wilkie Olin-Ammentorp. 2026. "Lock-in EP: An In-Situ Training Algorithm for Oscillatory Hardware." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lock-in-ep-an-in-situ-training-algorithm-for-oscillatory-hardware.
Harvard
Tammali, S. and Olin-Ammentorp, W. (2026) 'Lock-in EP: An In-Situ Training Algorithm for Oscillatory Hardware', Available at: https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lock-in-ep-an-in-situ-training-algorithm-for-oscillatory-hardware.
Vancouver
Tammali S, Olin-Ammentorp W. Lock-in EP: An In-Situ Training Algorithm for Oscillatory Hardware. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lock-in-ep-an-in-situ-training-algorithm-for-oscillatory-hardware
IEEE
S. Tammali, and W. Olin-Ammentorp, "Lock-in EP: An In-Situ Training Algorithm for Oscillatory Hardware," https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lock-in-ep-an-in-situ-training-algorithm-for-oscillatory-hardware.