Abstract
Language models can now prove theorems, but people still decide which problems to pursue. We ask whether a model's internal representations can help identify promising mathematical connections. We develop LANTERN, a fast, cost-efficient pipeline that uses a classifier over pretrained-model activations to rank candidate relations, followed by staged filtering, hypothesis generation, executable verification, and analytical checking. Applied to the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS), LANTERN ranked 50 million pairs among 10,000 frequently referenced sequences and produced 62 verified relations between pairs without an existing OEIS cross-reference. A content screen retained 13 relations worth presenting; nine of these are informative or insightful, including four which are entirely novel to the best of our knowledge: none appears in the OEIS or in our targeted literature search. The entire end-to-end process including classifier training, candidate ranking, filtering and verification took under 8 hours.
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Publication details
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- Open access
- Green open access
Cite this article
APA 7
Tikhonov, P., Tutubalina, E., Oseledets, I., Ignatov, D. I., & Seleznyov, M. (2026). LANTERN: Illuminating Hidden Mathematical Knowledge in Language Models. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lantern-illuminating-hidden-mathematical-knowledge-in-language-models
MLA 9
Tikhonov, Pavel, et al. "LANTERN: Illuminating Hidden Mathematical Knowledge in Language Models." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lantern-illuminating-hidden-mathematical-knowledge-in-language-models.
Chicago (author–date)
Tikhonov, Pavel, Elena Tutubalina, Ivan Oseledets, Dmitry I. Ignatov, and Mikhail Seleznyov. 2026. "LANTERN: Illuminating Hidden Mathematical Knowledge in Language Models." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lantern-illuminating-hidden-mathematical-knowledge-in-language-models.
Harvard
Tikhonov, P., Tutubalina, E., Oseledets, I., Ignatov, D. I. and Seleznyov, M. (2026) 'LANTERN: Illuminating Hidden Mathematical Knowledge in Language Models', Available at: https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lantern-illuminating-hidden-mathematical-knowledge-in-language-models.
Vancouver
Tikhonov P, Tutubalina E, Oseledets I, Ignatov DI, Seleznyov M. LANTERN: Illuminating Hidden Mathematical Knowledge in Language Models. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lantern-illuminating-hidden-mathematical-knowledge-in-language-models
IEEE
P. Tikhonov, E. Tutubalina, I. Oseledets, D. I. Ignatov, and M. Seleznyov, "LANTERN: Illuminating Hidden Mathematical Knowledge in Language Models," https://omanscience.com/en/articles/lantern-illuminating-hidden-mathematical-knowledge-in-language-models.