HPV and Male Cancer: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Impact

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection poses significant public health issues for both men and women. Recent studies have brought attention to the substantial impact of HPV-linked cancers in men despite historically focusing more on its effects on women. It was revealed that in 2019, HPV was the root cause of approximately 70,000 cancer cases in men. Modes of transmission for HPV include sexual contact, encompassing various practices such as vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse, as well as the use of sexual devices. Moreover, HPV-associated cancers are becoming increasingly common in men, with anal, penile, and oral cancers being the most prevalent. Although the human body can clear HPV infection in about 90% of cases, it’s crucial to take preventive measures to lower the risk of transmission and developing cancer. Using condoms, quitting smoking, and male circumcision are identified as essential factors in preventing HPV among heterosexual couples. However, the most promising preventive measure is HPV vaccination. There are ongoing discussions regarding its protective efficacy and cost-effectiveness; vaccinating boys before their sexual debut presents a compelling rationale. The existing literature primarily focuses on HPV-linked cancer in women and lacks a comprehensive review of the development and prevention methods specifically related to HPV-related cancers in men. This review strives to bridge this gap by offering a detailed overview of HPV-linked cancers in males, particularly anal, penile, and head & neck cancer. It will cover important aspects of prevention and treatment strategies to provide valuable information for public health initiatives and clinical practice.

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