Abstract
The widespread use of masks in the community was occasioned by the COVID-19 global pandemic. This study examined bacterial contamination on surgical and face masks used in Githurai Market during daily activities, focusing on the sources, accumulation, and antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Sixteen respondents were selected to wear masks, from which bacteria were isolated from the inside and outside surfaces, as well as from swabs of their nose, mouth, and skin. The bacterial load was monitored at intervals of 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h using culture-dependent methods. The identified bacteria included Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas, Enterococcus, and Bacillus, amongst others sourced from the users’ mouth, skin, nose, and the environment. Bacterial accumulation increased with time, peaking at 6 h of mask use. Most of the bacteria isolates showed multidrug resistance to commonly used antibiotics including cefotaxime, streptomycin, and amoxicillin. This raises concerns about potential role of masks as reservoirs for pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The study emphasizes the need for better mask hygiene practices to reduce microbial contamination and the risk of spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It also highlights the importance of developing strategies to address these risks and ensure the continued effectiveness of masks as a part of public health measures
Keywords
Publication details
- DOI
- 10.3390/joma2020012
- Journal
- Journal of the Oman Medical Association, 2(2), 12
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Open access
- Gold open access
- License
- CC BY 4.0
Cite this article
APA 7
Ouma, D. A., Mutai, M., Njeru, E. M., Oyore, J. P., Neondo, J. O., Jagongo, A. O., Omwenga, G., Ngugi, M. P., Ngayo, M. O., & Oduor, R. (2025). Characterization, Accumulation Profiles, and Antibiotic-Resistance of Bacteria on Worn Disposable Masks at Githurai Market in Nairobi County, Kenya. Journal of the Oman Medical Association, 2(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/joma2020012
MLA 9
Ouma, Damaris Apiyo, et al. "Characterization, Accumulation Profiles, and Antibiotic-Resistance of Bacteria on Worn Disposable Masks at Githurai Market in Nairobi County, Kenya." Journal of the Oman Medical Association, vol. 2, no. 2, 2025, pp. 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/joma2020012.
Chicago (author–date)
Ouma, Damaris Apiyo, Mourine Mutai, Ezekiel Mugendi Njeru, John Paul Oyore, Johnstone Omukhulu Neondo, Ambrose Ouma Jagongo, George Omwenga, Mathew Piero Ngugi, Musa Otieno Ngayo, and Richard Oduor. 2025. "Characterization, Accumulation Profiles, and Antibiotic-Resistance of Bacteria on Worn Disposable Masks at Githurai Market in Nairobi County, Kenya." Journal of the Oman Medical Association 2 (2): 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/joma2020012.
Harvard
Ouma, D. A., Mutai, M., Njeru, E. M., Oyore, J. P., Neondo, J. O., Jagongo, A. O., Omwenga, G., Ngugi, M. P., Ngayo, M. O. and Oduor, R. (2025) 'Characterization, Accumulation Profiles, and Antibiotic-Resistance of Bacteria on Worn Disposable Masks at Githurai Market in Nairobi County, Kenya', Journal of the Oman Medical Association, 2(2), pp. 12. doi:10.3390/joma2020012.
Vancouver
Ouma DA, Mutai M, Njeru EM, Oyore JP, Neondo JO, Jagongo AO, et al. Characterization, Accumulation Profiles, and Antibiotic-Resistance of Bacteria on Worn Disposable Masks at Githurai Market in Nairobi County, Kenya. Journal of the Oman Medical Association. 2025;2(2):12. doi:10.3390/joma2020012
IEEE
D. A. Ouma, M. Mutai, E. M. Njeru, J. P. Oyore, J. O. Neondo, A. O. Jagongo, G. Omwenga, M. P. Ngugi, M. O. Ngayo, and R. Oduor, "Characterization, Accumulation Profiles, and Antibiotic-Resistance of Bacteria on Worn Disposable Masks at Githurai Market in Nairobi County, Kenya," Journal of the Oman Medical Association, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 12, 2025, doi: 10.3390/joma2020012.