Abstract
Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) scanners achieve high recall but also produce a large number of false positives, resulting in substantial manual triage costs. Large Language Models (LLMs), when used for independent detection, achieve extremely high recall (95.4%-100%) but also exhibit prohibitively high false positive rates (49.6%-85.0%), precluding their use as standalone replacements for scanners. A natural solution is a two-stage cascade consisting of scanner detection followed by LLM verification. However, a verification-granularity issue that has long been overlooked in practice creates a structural bottleneck: alert aggregation binds multiple true and false cases into a shared decision unit, such that removing a false positive inevitably eliminates true positives aggregated within the same alert group. This creates a trade-off bottleneck between the False-positive Reduction Rate (FRR) and the True-positive Rate (TPR). We formalize this bottleneck by showing that the alert-level false-positive set is a subset of the case-level false-positive set, and introduce a Case-Level, per-case verification strategy that shifts the decision granularity from the alert level to the instance level, independently replaying HTTP requests and making an independent determination for each detected case. Evaluation on the dual testbeds of Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) and WebGoat shows that the empirically best Alert-Level operating point achieves FRR=42.86% (TPR=51.7%). The Case-Level Baseline achieves FRR=47.6%, an improvement of 4.7 percentage points (+4.7 pp), while the Case-Focused Evidence Verification Prompt (CEV-Prompt) increases TPR from 55.2% to 62.1% at the same FRR.
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Publication details
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Cite this article
APA 7
Sun, H., Yao, Y., Xie, C., & Lin, Y. (2026). Case-Level Verification in Scanner-LLM Cascades: Overcoming the Alert Aggregation Bottleneck to Expand the FRR-TPR Trade-off Space. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/case-level-verification-in-scanner-llm-cascades-overcoming-the-alert-aggregation-bottleneck-to-expand-the-frr-tpr-trade-off-space
MLA 9
Sun, Hao, et al. "Case-Level Verification in Scanner-LLM Cascades: Overcoming the Alert Aggregation Bottleneck to Expand the FRR-TPR Trade-off Space." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/case-level-verification-in-scanner-llm-cascades-overcoming-the-alert-aggregation-bottleneck-to-expand-the-frr-tpr-trade-off-space.
Chicago (author–date)
Sun, Hao, Yibin Yao, Chaohai Xie, and Yuqun Lin. 2026. "Case-Level Verification in Scanner-LLM Cascades: Overcoming the Alert Aggregation Bottleneck to Expand the FRR-TPR Trade-off Space." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/case-level-verification-in-scanner-llm-cascades-overcoming-the-alert-aggregation-bottleneck-to-expand-the-frr-tpr-trade-off-space.
Harvard
Sun, H., Yao, Y., Xie, C. and Lin, Y. (2026) 'Case-Level Verification in Scanner-LLM Cascades: Overcoming the Alert Aggregation Bottleneck to Expand the FRR-TPR Trade-off Space', Available at: https://omanscience.com/en/articles/case-level-verification-in-scanner-llm-cascades-overcoming-the-alert-aggregation-bottleneck-to-expand-the-frr-tpr-trade-off-space.
Vancouver
Sun H, Yao Y, Xie C, Lin Y. Case-Level Verification in Scanner-LLM Cascades: Overcoming the Alert Aggregation Bottleneck to Expand the FRR-TPR Trade-off Space. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/case-level-verification-in-scanner-llm-cascades-overcoming-the-alert-aggregation-bottleneck-to-expand-the-frr-tpr-trade-off-space
IEEE
H. Sun, Y. Yao, C. Xie, and Y. Lin, "Case-Level Verification in Scanner-LLM Cascades: Overcoming the Alert Aggregation Bottleneck to Expand the FRR-TPR Trade-off Space," https://omanscience.com/en/articles/case-level-verification-in-scanner-llm-cascades-overcoming-the-alert-aggregation-bottleneck-to-expand-the-frr-tpr-trade-off-space.