Abstract
Additively homomorphic encryption supports outsourced computation on encrypted binary embeddings, but large-integer arithmetic and data movement can limit throughput. We describe a Paillier-based client that combines a carry-separated binary encoding, table-based encryption, reduced-exponent decryption, CUDA/CGBN arithmetic, persistent device state, and batched retrieval integration. We establish the encoding's correctness and characterize four CPU and GPU client configurations. The lookup configuration uses a 280-bit exponent-size parameter. Across 3 warm-state trials on batches of 10,000 random 512-bit embeddings, the lookup GPU configuration achieved median-batch throughputs of 43,091 encryptions/s and 28,983 Hamming- distance decodes/s. Its amortized costs were 0.0232 ms and 0.0345 ms per vector, corresponding to factors of 453.8 and 200.9 relative to the measured CPU baseline. These implementation- specific results demonstrate the throughput benefits of combining cryptographic precomputation, batched accelerator execution, and persistent runtime state. The study distinguishes warm-batch performance from isolated-request latency and identifies the remaining costs of initialization, transport, and retrieval integration.
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Publication details
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- Open access
- Green open access
Cite this article
APA 7
Litchev, Y., & Ouyang, L. (2026). Batched Paillier-Based Hamming-Distance Computation over Binary Embeddings. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/batched-paillier-based-hamming-distance-computation-over-binary-embeddings
MLA 9
Litchev, Yavor, and Liwen Ouyang. "Batched Paillier-Based Hamming-Distance Computation over Binary Embeddings." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/batched-paillier-based-hamming-distance-computation-over-binary-embeddings.
Chicago (author–date)
Litchev, Yavor, and Liwen Ouyang. 2026. "Batched Paillier-Based Hamming-Distance Computation over Binary Embeddings." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/batched-paillier-based-hamming-distance-computation-over-binary-embeddings.
Harvard
Litchev, Y. and Ouyang, L. (2026) 'Batched Paillier-Based Hamming-Distance Computation over Binary Embeddings', Available at: https://omanscience.com/en/articles/batched-paillier-based-hamming-distance-computation-over-binary-embeddings.
Vancouver
Litchev Y, Ouyang L. Batched Paillier-Based Hamming-Distance Computation over Binary Embeddings. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/batched-paillier-based-hamming-distance-computation-over-binary-embeddings
IEEE
Y. Litchev, and L. Ouyang, "Batched Paillier-Based Hamming-Distance Computation over Binary Embeddings," https://omanscience.com/en/articles/batched-paillier-based-hamming-distance-computation-over-binary-embeddings.