Abstract
Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TC3) requires responders to connect visual observations of injuries and interventions with established clinical guidance. Developing vision-language models to support this process requires supervision that links visible evidence to traceable doctrine. We present TC3-VQA, a dataset constructed from public instructional and field TC3 videos and authoritative TC3 documents. It contains 581 items spanning 11 concepts, with 1,860 questions covering intervention recognition, doctrine, clinical reasoning, procedural guidance, and refusal when visual information is insufficient. Doctrine-based answers preserve verbatim source passages and character offsets. Construction combines visual annotation, passage retrieval, entailment checks, and verification across model families. Equipment boxes, anatomical labels, temporal segments, and source metadata accompany the question-answer pairs. Automated audits and ratings by two physicians and two medical students characterize annotation quality, with human ratings available for 88 retained items. The dataset provides a resource for adapting vision-language models to TC3, studying the connection between visual evidence and clinical knowledge, and evaluating recognition, doctrine recall, and abstention.
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Publication details
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Cite this article
APA 7
Kim, J., Chng, J., Ali, A., Moas, V., Lee, Y., Chin, P. C., Hwang, S., & Kamaleswaran, R. (2026). A doctrine-grounded visual question answering dataset for Tactical Combat Casualty Care. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/a-doctrine-grounded-visual-question-answering-dataset-for-tactical-combat-casualty-care
MLA 9
Kim, Junseob, et al. "A doctrine-grounded visual question answering dataset for Tactical Combat Casualty Care." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/a-doctrine-grounded-visual-question-answering-dataset-for-tactical-combat-casualty-care.
Chicago (author–date)
Kim, Junseob, Jade Chng, Ayman Ali, Victor Moas, Yichun Lee, Po-Chun Chin, Sunil Hwang, and Rishikesan Kamaleswaran. 2026. "A doctrine-grounded visual question answering dataset for Tactical Combat Casualty Care." https://omanscience.com/en/articles/a-doctrine-grounded-visual-question-answering-dataset-for-tactical-combat-casualty-care.
Harvard
Kim, J., Chng, J., Ali, A., Moas, V., Lee, Y., Chin, P. C., Hwang, S. and Kamaleswaran, R. (2026) 'A doctrine-grounded visual question answering dataset for Tactical Combat Casualty Care', Available at: https://omanscience.com/en/articles/a-doctrine-grounded-visual-question-answering-dataset-for-tactical-combat-casualty-care.
Vancouver
Kim J, Chng J, Ali A, Moas V, Lee Y, Chin PC, et al. A doctrine-grounded visual question answering dataset for Tactical Combat Casualty Care. https://omanscience.com/en/articles/a-doctrine-grounded-visual-question-answering-dataset-for-tactical-combat-casualty-care
IEEE
J. Kim, J. Chng, A. Ali, V. Moas, Y. Lee, P. C. Chin, S. Hwang, and R. Kamaleswaran, "A doctrine-grounded visual question answering dataset for Tactical Combat Casualty Care," https://omanscience.com/en/articles/a-doctrine-grounded-visual-question-answering-dataset-for-tactical-combat-casualty-care.