[
    {
        "id": "osp-12463",
        "type": "article-journal",
        "title": "Refractive error of Saudi children enrolled in primary school and kindergarten measured with a spot screener",
        "author": [
            {
                "family": "Yasir",
                "given": "Ziaul Haq"
            },
            {
                "family": "Almadhi",
                "given": "Nada"
            },
            {
                "family": "Tarabzouni",
                "given": "Salma"
            },
            {
                "family": "Alhommadi",
                "given": "Abdulrahman"
            },
            {
                "family": "Khandekar",
                "given": "Rajiv"
            }
        ],
        "URL": "https://omanscience.com/en/articles/refractive-error-of-saudi-children-enrolled-in-primary-school-and-kindergarten-measured-with-a-spot-screener",
        "language": "en",
        "issued": {
            "date-parts": [
                [
                    2019
                ]
            ]
        },
        "container-title": "Oman Journal of Ophthalmology",
        "volume": "12",
        "issue": "2",
        "page": "114-118",
        "DOI": "10.4103/ojo.ojo_62_2017",
        "publisher": "Medknow Publications",
        "ISSN": "0974-620X",
        "abstract": "Aims: To evaluate the refractive status of young Saudi schoolchildren with a \"Spot Screener.\"\n\nSubjects and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2016 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Children of kindergarten (3-5 years) and grades 1 and 2 (6-7 years) were screened for refractive error (RE) using the handheld Spot Screener (Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA). Data were collected on age, gender, and spectacle use. The pass/fail notation from the Spot Screener and the RE were documented. Children with a \"fail\" were re-tested with an autorefractor (AR). The rate of agreement was evaluated for the spherical equivalent (SE) from the Spot Screener and AR.\n\nResults: We examined 300 schoolchildren and 114 preschool children. The prevalence of RE was 22% in schoolchildren and 25% in preschoolers. There were 183 (61%) hyperopes, 110 (36.7%) myopes, 6 (2%) emmetropes, and 29 (9.7%) astigmats (>2 D cylinder) in grade 1 and 2. There were 85 (74.6%) hyperopes, 22 (19.3%) myopes, 7 (6.1%) emmetropes, and 10 (8.8%) astigmats among preschoolers. The SE differed between the AR and the Spot Screener in 17 (28%) children of 61 failed Spot Screener tests. Accommodation (9, 53%) and high astigmatism (8, 47%) were the main underlying causes of the difference. The Spot Screener could identify RE for the first time in 51 (17%) schoolchildren and 26 (22%) preschoolers. End-users suggested that Spot Screener was child-friendly and quick to test RE.\n\nConclusions: The Spot Screener could be a good initial screening tool for RE in young schoolchildren."
    }
]