[
    {
        "id": "osp-20874",
        "type": "article-journal",
        "title": "FLOORA: A Human-Aligned Domain-Specific Language Model for Architectural Design",
        "author": [
            {
                "family": "Rezaei-Shoshtari",
                "given": "Sahand"
            },
            {
                "family": "Wozniczka",
                "given": "Patryk"
            },
            {
                "family": "Ishida",
                "given": "Shu"
            },
            {
                "family": "Streuber",
                "given": "Gregg"
            },
            {
                "family": "Javadi",
                "given": "Farnoosh"
            },
            {
                "family": "Landes",
                "given": "Jeffrey"
            },
            {
                "family": "Ju",
                "given": "Angela"
            },
            {
                "family": "Azam",
                "given": "Muhammad"
            },
            {
                "family": "Lim",
                "given": "Bryan"
            },
            {
                "family": "Luttun",
                "given": "Johan"
            },
            {
                "family": "Haldar",
                "given": "Indrajeet"
            },
            {
                "family": "Shaw",
                "given": "Jonathan"
            },
            {
                "family": "Guerra",
                "given": "Beatriz"
            },
            {
                "family": "Sosnovik",
                "given": "Ivan"
            },
            {
                "family": "Stoddart",
                "given": "James"
            },
            {
                "family": "Giaquinto",
                "given": "Robert"
            },
            {
                "family": "Gaier",
                "given": "Adam"
            }
        ],
        "URL": "https://omanscience.com/en/articles/floora-a-human-aligned-domain-specific-language-model-for-architectural-design",
        "language": "en",
        "issued": {
            "date-parts": [
                [
                    2026
                ]
            ]
        },
        "abstract": "Foundation models are powerful generators, but many engineering domains require structured representations that general-purpose systems handle poorly. We introduce FLOORA (Floor Layout Optimization with RL Alignment), a family of small domain-specific language (DSL) models for architectural layout generation. With specialized data and alignment, our 0.6B model outperforms much larger frontier models, achieving VLM judge win rates up to 92.0% on out-of-distribution real-world buildings and 96.0% on synthetic buildings. Human evaluations further corroborate these results, with FLOORA selected as the best model in 89.3% of evaluations. FLOORA combines a token-efficient DSL, custom tokenization, domain-specific pretraining, supervised fine-tuning (SFT), and reinforcement learning (RL) with learned human-preference and verifiable rewards. This pipeline improves architectural and geometric validity, supported by extensive empirical evaluation and ablation studies. Although focused on architecture, our results suggest that similar domain-specific recipes may be useful in other engineering domains with structured, verifiable outputs. Datasets, models, and inference code are available at https://github.com/AutodeskAILab/floora."
    }
]